Phosphorus Number Of Electrons

30-04-2021 admin

How Many Protons Are In Phosphorus
Phosphorus Number Of Electrons To Lose
Number Of Electrons In Phosphorus Ion

Element Phosphorus - P

In order to write the Phosphorus electron configuration we first need to know the number of electrons for the P atom (there are 15 electrons). When we write the configuration we'll put all 15 electrons in orbitals around the nucleus of the Phosphorus atom. Phosphorus has an electron configuration of Ne3s2 3p3, the outer most shell has 5 electrons. To gain the electron configuration of a noble gas, 3 electrons are shared with electrons of other atoms.

Diagram of the nuclear composition and electron configuration of an atom of phosphorus-31 (atomic number: 15), the most common isotope of this element. The nucleus consists of 15 protons (red) and 16 neutrons (blue). 15 electrons (green) bind to the nucleus, successively occupying available electron shells (rings). Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. It has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about one gram per kilogram (compare copper at about. According to the periodic table above, phosphorus belongs to Group 5A. Therefore, Its valence electrons should be 5. Let's check using the electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 = 15 electrons = atomic number of P.

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Phosphorus is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Phosphorus. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

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Overview of Phosphorus

Atomic Number: 15
Group: 15
Period: 3
Series: Nonmetals

Phosphorus's Name in Other Languages

Latin: Phosphorus
Czech: Fosfor
Croatian: Fosfor
French: Phosphore
German: Phosphor - r
Italian: Fosforo
Norwegian: Fosfor
Portuguese: Fósforo
Russian: Фосфор
Spanish: Fósforo
Swedish: Fosfor

Atomic Structure of Phosphorus

Atomic Radius: 1.23Å
Atomic Volume: 17cm³/mol
Covalent Radius: 1.06Å
Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σ_a/barns: 0.172
Crystal Structure: Monoclinic
Electron Configuration:
1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p³
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,5
Shell Model
Ionic Radius: 0.38Å
Filling Orbital: 3p³
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 15
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 16
Number of Protons: 15
Oxidation States: ±3,5,4
Valence Electrons: 3s²p³
Electron Dot Model

Chemical Properties of Phosphorus

Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.23113g/amp-hr
Electron Work Function:
Electronegativity: 2.19 (Pauling); 2.06 (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: 0.657kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:
Air, oxidizers (including elemental sulfur & strong caustics), halogens
Ionization Potential
- First: 10.486
- Second: 19.725
- Third: 30.18
Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 190

Physical Properties of Phosphorus

Atomic Mass Average: 30.97376
Boiling Point: 553K 280°C 536°F
Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 124.5E^-6
Conductivity
Electrical: 1.0E^-17 10⁶/cm Ω
Thermal: 0.00235 W/cmk
Density: 1.82g/cc @ 300K
Description:
Soft white waxy solid, brownish-red powder or black solid.
Elastic Modulus:
- Bulk: 11/GPa
Enthalpy of Atomization: 314.6 kJ/mole @ 25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion: 0.63 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 12.43 kJ/mole
Flammablity Class: Flammable solid
Freezing Point:see melting point
Heat of Vaporization: 12.129kJ/mol
Melting Point: 317.45K 44.3°C 111.7°F
Molar Volume: 17 cm³/mole
Optical Refractive Index: 1.001212
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
Specific Heat: 0.77J/gK
Vapor Pressure = 20.8Pa@44.3°C

Regulatory / Health

CAS Number
- 7723-14-0
UN/NA ID and ERG Guide Number
- 1381 / 136
RTECS: TH3500000
OSHAPermissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
- TWA: 0.1 mg/m³
OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
- TWA: 0.1 mg/m³
NIOSHRecommended Exposure Limit (REL)
- TWA: 0.1 mg/m³
- IDLH: 5 mg/m³
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, jaw, teeth, blood
Levels In Humans:
Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
- Blood/mg dm^-3: 345
- Bone/p.p.m: 67000-71000
- Liver/p.p.m: 3-8.5
- Muscle/p.p.m: 3000-8500
- Daily Dietary Intake: 900-1900 mg
- Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 780 g

Who / Where / When / How

Discoverer: Hennig Brand
Discovery Location: Hamburg Germany
Discovery Year: 1669
Name Origin:
Greek: phôs (light) and phoros (bearer).
Abundance of Phosphorus:
- Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 1000
- Seawater/p.p.m.:
  - Atlantic Suface: 0.0015
  - Atlantic Deep: 0.042
  - Pacific Surface: 0.0015
  - Pacific Deep: 0.084
- Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
- Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 316000
Sources of Phosphorus:
Found most often in phosphate rock. Annual world wide production is around 153,000,000 tons. Primary mining areas are Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Tongo and Nauru.
Uses of Phosphorus:
Used in the production of fertilizers, fireworks, matches, pesticides, toothpaste and detergents.
Additional Notes:
White phosphorus is much more toxic than red phosphorus. Necrosis of the jaw, also called phossy-jaw, is caused by chronic exposure to white phosphorus.

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References

How Many Protons Are In Phosphorus

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

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Learning Objectives

To describe how electrons are grouped within atoms.

Although we have discussed the general arrangement of subatomic particles in atoms, we have said little about how electrons occupy the space about the nucleus. It dual audio 1080p. Do they move around the nucleus at random, or do they exist in some ordered arrangement?

The modern theory of electron behavior is called quantum mechanics. It makes the following statements about electrons in atoms:

Electrons in atoms can have only certain specific energies. We say that the energies of the electrons are quantized.
Electrons are organized according to their energies into sets called shells. Generally the higher the energy of a shell, the farther it is (on average) from the nucleus. Shells do not have specific, fixed distances from the nucleus, but an electron in a higher-energy shell will spend more time farther from the nucleus than does an electron in a lower-energy shell.
Shells are further divided into subsets of electrons called subshells. The first shell has only one subshell, the second shell has two subshells, the third shell has three subshells, and so on. The subshells of each shell are labeled, in order, with the letters s, p, d, and f. Thus, the first shell has only an s subshell, the second shell has an s and a p subshell, the third shell has s, p, and d subshells, and so forth.
Different subshells hold a different maximum number of electrons. Any s subshell can hold up to 2 electrons; p, 6; d, 10; and f, 14.

It is the arrangement of electrons into shells and subshells that most concerns us here, so we will focus on that.

We use numbers to indicate which shell an electron is in. The first shell, closest to the nucleus and with the lowest-energy electrons, is shell 1. This first shell has only one subshell, which is labeled s and can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. We combine the shell and subshell labels when referring to the organization of electrons about a nucleus and use a superscript to indicate how many electrons are in a subshell. Thus, because a hydrogen atom has its single electron in the s subshell of the first shell, we use 1s¹ to describe the electronic structure of hydrogen. This structure is called an electron configuration. Electron configurations are shorthand descriptions of the arrangements of electrons in atoms. The electron configuration of a hydrogen atom is spoken out loud as “one-ess-one.”

Helium atoms have 2 electrons. Both electrons fit into the 1s subshell because s subshells can hold up to 2 electrons; therefore, the electron configuration for helium atoms is 1s² (spoken as “one-ess-two”).

The 1s subshell cannot hold 3 electrons (because an s subshell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons), so the electron configuration for a lithium atom cannot be 1s³. Two of the lithium electrons can fit into the 1s subshell, but the third electron must go into the second shell. The second shell has two subshells, s and p, which fill with electrons in that order. The 2s subshell holds a maximum of 2 electrons, and the 2p subshell holds a maximum of 6 electrons. Because lithium’s final electron goes into the 2s subshell, we write the electron configuration of a lithium atom as 1s²2s¹.

The next largest atom, beryllium, has 4 electrons, so its electron configuration is 1s²2s². Now that the 2s subshell is filled, electrons in larger atoms start filling the 2p subshell. Thus, the electron configurations for the next six atoms are as follows:

B: 1s²2s²2p¹
C: 1s²2s²2p²
N: 1s²2s²2p³
O: 1s²2s²2p⁴
F: 1s²2s²2p⁵
Ne: 1s²2s²2p⁶

With neon, the 2p subshell is completely filled. Because the second shell has only two subshells, atoms with more electrons now must begin the third shell. Amerikkkas most wanted full album download. The third shell has three subshells, labeled s, p, and d. The d subshell can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. The first two subshells of the third shell are filled in order—for example, the electron configuration of aluminum, with 13 electrons, is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹. However, a curious thing happens after the 3p subshell is filled: the 4s subshell begins to fill before the 3d subshell does. In fact, the exact ordering of subshells becomes more complicated at this point (after argon, with its 18 electrons), so we will not consider the electron configurations of larger atoms.

A fourth subshell, the f subshell, is needed to complete the electron configurations for all elements. An f subshell can hold up to 14 electrons.

Example (PageIndex{1}): Electronic Configuration of Phosphorus Atoms

What is the electron configuration of a neutral phosphorus atom?

Powerflex 4 drive manual. Solution

A neutral phosphorus atom has 15 electrons. Two electrons can go into the 1s subshell, 2 can go into the 2s subshell, and 6 can go into the 2p subshell. That leaves 5 electrons. Of those 5 electrons, 2 can go into the 3s subshell, and the remaining 3 electrons can go into the 3p subshell. Thus, the electron configuration of neutral phosphorus atoms is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³.

Exercise (PageIndex{1}): Electronic Configuration of Chlorine Atoms

What is the electron configuration of a neutral chlorine atom?

Chemistry results from interactions between the outermost shells of electrons on different atoms. Thus, it is convenient to separate electrons into two groups. Valence shell electrons (or, more simply, the valence electrons) are the electrons in the highest-numbered shell, or valence shell, while core electrons are the electrons in lower-numbered shells. We can see from the electron configuration of a carbon atom—1s²2s²2p²—that it has 4 valence electrons (2s²2p²) and 2 core electrons (1s²).

Example (PageIndex{2}): Counting Valence Electrons in Phosphorus Atoms

From the electron configuration of neutral phosphorus atoms in Example (PageIndex{1}), how many valence electrons and how many core electrons does a neutral phosphorus atom have?

Solution

The highest-numbered shell is the third shell, which has 2 electrons in the 3s subshell and 3 electrons in the 3p subshell. That gives a total of 5 electrons, so neutral phosphorus atoms have 5 valence electrons. The 10 remaining electrons, from the first and second shells, are core electrons.

Exercise (PageIndex{2}): Counting Valence Electrons in Chlorine Atoms

From the electron configuration of neutral chlorine atoms (Exercise (PageIndex{1})), how many valence electrons and how many core electrons does a neutral chlorine atom have?

Concept Review Exercises

How are electrons organized in atoms?
What information does an electron configuration convey?
What is the difference between core electrons and valence electrons?